Formation of Biogenic Amines and Associated Biochemical and Microbial Attributes of Whole Sutchi Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) during Iced Storage

Sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a highly preferred farmed species that is produced in huge quantities. Meat from ice-stored (4 ± 2°C) whole Sutchi catfish was evaluated for formation of biogenic amines, such as putrescine, cadaverine, histamine (HIM), agmatine, tyramine, spermine, and spermidine, and compared with biochemical, microbial, and sensory attributes during 22 days. Analysis of content of biogenic amines in the meat was carried out by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using a without derivatization method. Three amines, namely, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine, were only present on 0^th day of storage. Presence of cadaverine was noticed from 9^th day onwards, where the aerobic plate count (APC) reached 4.85 log CFU/g. Putrescine was detected on the 22^nd day of storage, where the APC crossed 7 log CFU/g. HIM was detected in lower quantities from 3^rd day onwards. A shelf life of 15 days was determined based on sensory and microbiological evaluation. Although the samples were biochemically acceptable throughout the storage period, APC exceeded the limit on day 19, and the gradual increase of H₂S-producing bacteria, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Aeromonas, and Enterobacteriaceae, was observed during storage.     

林木白蚁的生物防治和生物源农药防治研究进展

林木白蚁在我国南方林区危害严重。目前,林木白蚁的防治仍以化学防治为主。但化学农药残毒严重,对环境和人类健康已构成极大威胁。利用生物防治以及生物源农药对林木白蚁进行防治具有高效、低毒,与环境兼容的特性,极具发展潜力。本文综述了生物防治以及生物源农药防治林木白蚁的研究现状与进展,并对其目前存在的问题和未来应用前景进行了分析。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定瘤胃液中的生物胺

本文旨在应用反相高效液相色谱法建立瘤胃液中生物胺的测定方法.样品经0.5 mol/L盐酸提取后,用丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,流动相为乙腈和0.1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液；采用梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min；紫外检测器波长254 nm,柱温30℃.应用该方法,研究高精料和低精料饲粮条件下瘤胃液中5种生物胺浓度的差异.结果表明...     

高效液相色谱法测定生物胺衍生条件的优化研究

利用荧光检测器（FLD）,采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对组胺（HIS）、色胺（TRP）、2-苯乙胺（2-PHE）、腐胺（PUT）、尸胺（CAD）、酪胺（TYR）、亚精胺（SPD）和精胺（SPM）8种生物胺（BA）进行测定分析。通过探究丹酰氯（Dns-Cl）质量浓度、反应体系的pH、衍生时间及衍生温度对生物胺衍生反应的影响,确定最优的衍生条件。结果显示,当Dns-Cl的质量浓度为BA质量浓度的10倍、pH 11.0、40℃下避光反应45 min,所有BA均能有效分离。BA的相对标准偏差（RSD）在3%以内,能够满足分析要求。     

鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中的生物胺变化研究

[目的]研究鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中的生物胺含量变化。[方法]利用高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光检测法研究了鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油中酪胺、尸胺、组胺、精胺、亚精胺、胍丁胺和腐胺7种生物胺含量在发酵过程中的变化。[结果]鱼酱油中的7种生物胺得到了很好的分离和测定,平均回收率较好,为88.6%～111.7%,相对标准偏差RSD小于10%。鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中7种生物胺的变化规律：酪胺含量随发酵时间的延长增加较快,腐胺次之,组胺含量增加较少,尸胺、胍丁胺、精胺、亚精胺含量在发酵过程中变化很小。发酵30d得到的鱿鱼加工废弃物低盐鱼酱油中酪胺、腐胺、组胺、尸胺、胍丁胺、精胺、亚精胺含量分别为（20.75±0.84）、（8.95±0.55）、（3.37±0.27）、（0.32±0.07）、（0.14±0.02）、（0.67±0.02）、（0.69±0.03）mg/L,其与日本鱿鱼鱼酱油各种生物胺的含量比例相似。[结论]为鱿鱼加工废弃物低盐鱼酱油的生产提供技术资料。     

市售鱼类及其加工品中组胺含量的调查

2006年3月对市售鲭鱼20尾、秋刀鱼30尾、金枪鱼6块等进行组胺含量分析,结果表明,20尾鲭鱼中有1尾组胺含量为20mg／kg;30尾秋刀鱼肉中有1尾组胺含量为16mg／kg,另一尾为10mg／kg;6块金枪鱼样品及其他鱼类样品未能检测到组胺。鲭鱼20尾中1尾检出酪胺23mg／kg,尸胺为36mg／kg,腐胺及亚精胺未检出;秋刀鱼30尾中2尾检出10mg／kg和15mg／kg的酪胺,1尾栓出52mg／kg腐胺,2尾检出35mg／kg和55mg／kg尸胺。     

贮藏温度对炝蟹品质的影响

为阐明不同贮藏温度下炝蟹品质的变化和食用安全性,本试验以三疣梭子蟹为材料制作炝蟹,探讨冻藏(-18℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下炝蟹感官品质、菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和生物胺的变化规律,并对其生物胺与其他品质指标进行相关性分析。结果表明,贮藏温度对炝蟹感官品质TVC、TVB-N等指标的劣变具有显著的影响。-18℃冻藏和4℃冷藏条件下,炝蟹感官品质分别于第10天和第6个月超出可接受限值;随着贮藏时间的延长,4℃冷藏条件下炝蟹TVC值显著增加,但至贮藏16 d时仍小于5 lg(CFU·g^-1),TVB-N值于贮藏12 d时超出一级鲜度临界值;-18℃冻藏过程中炝蟹TVC值略有增加,但变化不显著,TVB-N值于第6个月超出一级鲜度临界值。4℃冷藏过程中炝蟹中共检测出8种生物胺,而-18℃冻藏过程中共检测出5种生物胺。此外,色胺、腐胺和酪胺是炝蟹贮藏过程中产生的主要生物胺,且与其他品质均具有显著相关性。本研究结果为炝蟹在贮藏过程中的安全性和货架期预测提供了理论依据。     

Effects of Delayed Processing of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) By-products on Fishmeal Quality

The effects of storage temperature and time on raw pink salmon by-products were evaluated in relation to the fishmeal produced. Chemical analyses were performed on the raw and processed by‐products at two temperatures. Total volatile base nitrogen values indicated substantial spoilage by day 2 at 15.4 ± 1.4°C and day 6 at 6.0 ± 0.8°C. For most biogenic amines in raw by-products stored at 15.4°C, there were many significant differences from the fresh by-products by day 2. For by-products stored at 6.0°C, significant changes in biogenic amine were evident by day 2 and continued to increase. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of the raw material stored at 15.4°C started showing significant changes from fresh on day 3 and at 6.0°C on day 4. The lipid oxidation (TBARS) was significantly different from fresh by day 2. Biogenic amines in fishmeals suggested some changes occurred between day 0 and day 3 at 15.4°C and by day 7 at 6.0°C.     

Nutritional and Chemical Composition of By-Product Fractions Produced from Wet Reduction of Individual Red Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Heads and Viscera

There is growing interest for fishmeals and oils made from utilizing different fish by-products (heads, viscera, frames, etc.) that come directly from the commercial processing line. The major components of fish processing waste from salmon filleting operations are heads and viscera. In order to maximize the utilization of these individual by-products, the different fractions were evaluated. Analysis of essential amino acids in fishmeal showed significant differences in all essential amino acids except lysine. Differences were also noted in the levels of minerals, fatty acid methyl esters, biogenic amines, and fat soluble vitamins. The largest difference observed was in the level of retinol in the oil extracted from heads (8.9 ± 1.0 μg/g oil) and viscera (26.9 ± 3.8 μg/g oil). Head processing resulted in more lipids and cake, while the majority of viscera became stickwater. Results suggest that the fishmeal produced from different by-product parts can result in different nutritional values for feed or food ingredients.     

20种市售常见香辛料的抗氧化性对酱牛肉中杂环胺含量的影响

【目的】探讨市售常见香辛料的抗氧化性对酱牛肉中致癌、致突变性杂环胺种类和含量的影响。【方法】分别用福林-酚法和ABTS法测定20种香辛料的总酚含量和抗氧化能力,从中选出总酚含量较高、抗氧化能力较强的5种添加到酱牛肉的加工中,用HPLC法测定杂环胺含量。【结果】在只用蒸馏水煮的空白牛肉中检测出1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Harman)和9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Norharman) 两种杂环胺,而且含量很低;在用盐、白砂糖、酱油煮的对照牛肉中,除Harman和Norharman外还检测到了2-氨基-3,7,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(7,8-DiMeIQx)、3-氨基-1-甲基-5H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚(Trp-P-2)及3-氨基-1,4-二甲基-5H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Trp-P-1) 3种杂环胺,5种杂环胺总含量为35.72 ng•g-1。所选取的丁香、桂皮、良姜、红花椒和香叶对杂环胺种类和含量的影响具有特异性：5种香辛料均能显著降低Harman和Norharman含量（P＜0.05）,对7,8-DiMeIQx、Trp-P-1及Trp-P-2 3种杂环胺影响各不相同。此外,香叶还能促进对照样品中未检测出的2-氨基-3,4-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(MeIQ)的形成。【结论】香辛料水提物对杂环胺的形成具有特异性影响。总体而言,良姜和红花椒能降低杂环胺总含量,在显著抑制7,8-DiMeIQx形成的同时不会产生新的杂环胺,因此抑制效果较好。